Socio-economic status and race

Socio-economic lieu and break awayAbstractThe suspect who was Hispanic was hypothesized to be clock timed to to a great extent years in prison house house by jurors than the defendant who was face cloth. It was as well as hypothesized that the defendant would be sentenced to more(prenominal) years in prison if the victim was of higher socio-economic billet ( communication channel hu earthness) than secondary socio-economic precondition (homeless military soulfulnessnel). thither were 60 college aged participants chosen at random. Participants were effrontery one of four scenarios that change in break away (white or Hispanic) of the defendant and socio-economic status (Business or Homeless) of the victim. The scenarios asked the participants to recommend detain sentences for the given scenario. As hypothesized the Latino defendants received longer jail sentences than the white defendants and defendants received longer sentences when the victim was a Business man than when the victim was a homeless man.Socio-Economic attitude and Race as fixate fors on Jury SentencingDoes Socio-Economic Status and Race settle a Jury Decision on Sentencing? As the world becomes more diverse we need to understand the persuade factors that influence jurors conclusions. It is gruelling to asses these factors in real cases as no devil cases ar truly interchangeable and we rump non simulate several scenarios. We used Jury fashion models to examination these unconscious diverge people used when they recommended sentencing for the defendants. The bias factors flush toilet be seen in the news when high profile cases come up. thither are times when we believed defendants to be guilty but they were found innocent. In more or less cases the defendants were either from high socio-economic status or racetrack was a factor. We conducted the dialog box simulation with four diverse scenarios to try and understand this bias. base on former research we made two hypotheses. The first was that the Latino man would be sentenced to more years in prison than the white man. agree to demographic studies minorities are more likely to be convicted of a plague and more harshly sentenced than white Caucasian (Gleason, Harris, 1975). The second hypothesis was that defendants would be sentenced to more years in prison when the victim was a Business man and less years when the victim was a homeless man. Based on previous studies cited in this report it was predicted that there would be a main effect for each un certain(a) and a world-shaking fundamental interaction mingled with these variables. Defendants are sentenced to more years in prison when the victim is considered attractive to the jury than when the victim is considered unattractive (Landy, Aronson, 1969. Race and Socio-economic status do notably bias jurors views toward the defendant and victim in a apostrophize case. Those with higher socio-economic status were seen as les s guilty than those with depressioner socio-economic status (Gleason, Harris, 1975). Gleason and Harriss learning was a 22 factorial design which varied the defendants race (white and colored) and socio-economic status (middle class and lower class).Although in Gleason Harriss contain the socio-economic status variable is used for the defendant and in our exact socio-economic status is used for the victim, you can still see how socio-economic status plays a rule in peoples intellect regardless of if its the victim or defendant with high or low status. If the defendant is of high socio-economic status they are less likely to be found guilty status (Gleason, Harris, 1975). Also if the victim is of high status the defendant is more likely to be found guilty and undefendable to a harsher sentence as this study shows. A jury simulation carried erupt by Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas, Walden survey 56 University students. Their survey was a jury simulation that studied how percep tions of blue-collar and white-collar curses were tied to the defendants race. An equal lean of black and white participants were given one of four scenarios were the descriptions of the defendants race (black or white) and type of crime (burglary or embezzlement) committed varied. In the study the black defendant was sentenced to a longer jail term than the white defendant in crimes that were considered blue-collar crimes such as the burglary that was present in the study. In the case of the embezzlement the white defendant was sentenced to a longer jail term than the black defendant. This study conclude that people are more likely to be sentenced more harshly for crimes that people can dude them with on the bases of things like demographics and socio-economic status . There are many otherwise studies that have assisted the things that influence a jurors opinion of a defendant. One study The Influence of the Character of the Criminal and His Victim on the Decisions of Simulat ed Jurors carried out by Landy Aronson looked at the character of the criminal and defendant and how it influences jurors decisions. They conducted two chance variable of the look into and compared results. In both the first and second version of the experiment the victim was report to half the participants as unattractive and to the other half as attractive. For the second version the character of the defendant also varied in character some attractive, unattractive, and neutral. Jurors are more likely to look at a defendant more negatively when they see the victim as attractive and less likely to view the defendant negatively when the victim is unattractive (Landy, Aronson, 1969).MethodParticipants Participants were 60 University students. Participants were approached randomly and asked to volunteer in this study. The Participants ranged in age approximately 18-24 years old and were University students from around the country.Materials each Participant was given a short jury s imulation scenario (See foretell 1). There were two independent variables that made up four different scenarios. The opening split up informed participants that the questionnaires were anonymous and that they may take as ofttimes time as they need to come to a decision. It also informed participants to give to give their personal supposition not bias of what others may think and sentence defendant without parole to a certain number of years in prison. The last paragraph restated what the opening paragraph had stated. All four scenarios were confusable in location of nonessential, action trail up to incident, details of how accident occurred, and the fatal outcome resulting in the victims death. The scenarios were all male drivers driving downcast a street at nighttime distracted that hit and killed a pedestrian crossing the street that was not using a crosswalk. The two variables that were changed were the defendants race (White Caucasian, Latino) and victims status (Busin ess, Homeless) man. Design There were four groups of 15 participants assigned randomly based on their researcher. individually group was given separate scenarios to read and make a decision on. Procedure There were three researchers who approached participants in the field. One researcher administered two scenarios while the other two researchers administered one scenario each. University students were approached at random by the researchers and asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. For example some participants were asked before the start of a lecture to complete one of the researchers scenarios from the scenarios of anonymous questionnaires. Participants were instructed to read through the scenario and make a personal judgment of the numbers of years in prison the defendant should be sentenced to. Once the participant was done writing down their sentence on the questionnaire they placed it in a large capital of the Philippines envelope to protect their anonymity and priv acy.Results A 2-way 22 analysis of sport was run to decide if the sentence length was influenced by socio-economic status or by race. There was a main effect present for the victims socio-economic status. The prison sentence given to the defendant when the victim was a Business man (M= 8.73, SE=.69) was significantly longer than when the victim was a homeless man (M= 6.67, SE=.69) (F (1, 56) = 4.45, p .05) (See Figure 2). In looking at look 2 we can see the lines are nearly parallel which would be a visually indicator that there not significant interaction. banter There were significant main effects for both variables (Race and Status). When the defendants race was Latino their sentence was significantly longer than when the defendants race was White. As for status the defendants sentence was significantly longer when the victim was a seam man than when the victim was a homeless man. There was no significant interaction between race and status. Support for the two hypotheses can be explained by the results of previous research on jury simulation presented in this report. In this study it was predicted that there would be a main effect for each of the variables and a significant interaction between these variables. Although there was not a significant interaction in this study unlike some similar studies which resulted in significant interactions, there was a main effect for each variable. No two studies will ever be the same making it hard to undoubtedly predict the results and interactions. The variable of race showed that Latino men were sentenced to more years in prison than a white man. For the variable of status defendants were sentenced to more years in prison when the victim was a business man than when the victim was a homeless man. In this study race was the more significant variable. A black defendant was seen perceived as more likely to repeat a crime than a white defendant (Gordon, Bindrim, McNicholas, Walden, 1988). Thus to say the race of th e defendant had a greater influence on the jurors to sentence more harshly than the influence of the victims social-economic status. There were a couple of limitations in this study. The first limitation is the external severeness due to the population size and selection. With the sample size (N =60) University students it is hard to derive the findings to all possible American jurors. This sample size would need to be bigger and cover a wider age group across America. In future research we could collaborate with Universities across the nation to conduct the study on a much lager scale. With this collaboration a much larger sample size that would be spread out across the Nation could create a more generalized picture of the bias that goes into jurors decisions. Also we could use a neutral study with a similar sample size to compare to the study. The neutral study would the same incident but it would be a person driving killed another person and there would be not race, status, or any other demographics. another(prenominal) suggestion for future studies would be to obtain certain demographics from the participants (age, race, religion, political party, etc.). I would ask all participants two question regarding their experience with the US justice system. The first question would be if they have ever been convicted of a crime and if so have they ever served time in prison. Those two questions are important as they might play into the participants decision when evaluating their opinions of the defendant and feelings toward the US justice system. With all this said the more demographics and questions we ask the better we can understand the specific bias that play into jurors decisions when making a judgment on a victim.ReferencesGleason, J., Harris, V. (1975). Race, socio-economic status, and perceived similarity as determinants of judgments by fictitious jurors. Social Behavior and Personality, 3(2), 175-180. Gordon, R., Bindrim, T., McNicholas, M., Walden , T. (1988). Perceptions of blue-collar and white-collar crime The effect of defendant race on simulated juror decisions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(2), 191-197. Landy,D., Aronson, E. (1969). The Influence of the Character of the Criminal and His Victim on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors. Journal of experimental SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5, 141-152.

Analysing New Challenges Posed By The Development In Government Policies Social Work Essay

Analysing New Ch every(prenominal)enges Posed By The Development In regime Policies Social Work EssayIn this account, I am expiration to consider the new challenges posed by the latest development in giving medication policies, and peculiarly those set bulge come in in the twain tike Matters and Youth Matters geezerhoodndas and their equal on Children go especially Looked-After-Children in rear and residential armorial bearing. I depart first and fore around, project at the translation of what Looked-After-Children means, the development of advance and residential t fitted servicefulness for Looked-After-Children and theoretical knowledge, the legal and form _or_ system of g overnment frame stimulates beneathpinning tikerens organise while considering the implications as well as ethical dilemmas for hearty work perpetrate. Also, I will look at the powerfulness and impact of multi-agency running(a), workal autonomy versus employer direction, the balanci ng act of c atomic spot 18 and control and how effective the Cargon Programme Approach is used for those looked later on and those leaving c are. Further more, the rulers that find place placements and the roles of nourish cautiousnessrs will as well as be critically examined.Looked-After-Children as be in piece 22(1) of Children make a motion 1989, refers to those boorren in the awe of any topical anesthetic post or letd with accommodation by any local anesthetic authority for the purpose of fortressing and promoting their welfare. For pattern, some kidren potty non remain at berth due to adverse conditions such as family crises, a disability or offending, domestic violence, abuse and neglect. Hence the local authority will constitute to intervene and adequate measures taken to safeguard and initiate along their welfare and in most cases they are taken into care (foster or residential care). shelter care arrangements is usually a family found care arr angement in which the child is position in the foster carers own home. The British acquaintance for betrothal and Fostering (2007), provinces that this kind of care arrangement could be in cases of emergency or non-emergency, for short or long term, on remit or respite, close relatives fostering or private foster carers providing the care contains of the child. However, Residential care is quite similar to foster care, in that adults look after the children on a day to day rump on a pro rota basis. The however difference is that residential care is more of a communal telescope where a number of supply works rather than an intimate family unit (as in foster care) in providing the childs drivefully ( doh 1998a).Some background of foster care and residential careChildren were first recognised as individuals in their own right by the implementation of the Children movement 1948 following recommendations from the Care of Children Committee 1946 known as The Curtis Report (Ha yden et al 1999) which was influenced by the Monckton doubtfulness 1945 into the appalling murder of Dennis ONeill who was in foster care. The report was published with regards to children organism deprived of a blueprint home life during and after the second world war (Barnados 2007) as children from differing fond stratifications were brought in concert into residential care (children homes at the time) as a consequence of the disruption of war . Although the second accomplished childrens de break apartments and child officers, the general belief was that children should remain (where possible) with their primary caregivers. This decision was influence by conjuration Bowlbys attachment theory in which he emphased the splendour of the bond between a child and his/her primary caregiver ( develop) and how separation between m a nonher(prenominal)(a) and child could construct detri psychic effects on the development of the child (Hopkins, 2007). With the introduction of Child ren and Young Persons sham 1963, local political science were just devoted powers and duties to support children in their own homes (Thomas, 2005). This development further streng then(prenominal)ed the local authoritys decision and overly reinforced Bowlbys attachment theory.However, Waterhouse et al (2002) remark that in the 1970s the use of residential care for primary school children had begun to worsening and the shift was towards family oriented care. The 1980s saw a further fast decline in Looked-After-Children in residential care. Residential care was hardly viewed as a last resource for adolespennys who could not be placed in family settings (Thomas 2005). According to Ibid (2005) foster care or boarding out as it was referred to until the late 1980s, was generally a female orientated intended service for looking after deprived children within a family setting with an aim to normalise their experiences whilst in care.It should be noted however, that during the 197 0s, 1980s and nineties residential care birthd evidentiary negative attention done no fault of the children in care (Thomas 2005). In this era, horrific sexual, fleshly and emotional abuse was exposed, which led to major inquiries into children in care. The three most notable reports are the Pindown search by Levy and Kahan (1991), the Leicestershire inquiry (1993) and the inquiry into the abuse of children in childrens homes in North Wales, known as the Waterhouse Report, 2000 (Thomas 2005). These reports stird the by nature of policy and practice. It is evident by Ibid (2005) that although these reports withstand depicted abuse in residential homes over the years, abuse in foster home goes by and large undetected.The Waterhouse report (DOH 2000a) exposed no cohesive regulations of childrens homes adding that the responsible local authorities had adopt a tokenistic approach. Upon this report, recommendations for change were clearly defined. The New Labour brass responde d to the report and published major policy curtain raisings such as prime(a) Protects and the Care Standards Bill (2000) under which the General Social Care Council (GSCC) was established to monitor lizard and regulate all social care staff. The GSCC has been given the say-so to register all social care staff (qualified and non-qualified alike) and also to dally up enforceable codes of conduct and practice (DOH 2000b). These were designed to prevent unsuitable sight in the social care sector. Other recommendations include, a childrens complaints officer, criminal interpret checks, a designated field social work assigned to each Looked-After-Child. responsible and independent regulatory inspection consistence was also recommended to inspect residential and foster homes to meet National Minimum Standards (DOH 2002).Policy and legislative frameworks. in that location are a host of policies and legislative frameworks underpinning the holistic needs of Looked-After-Children tha t I as a social worker moldiness work to accordingly. However, work within the parameters of the law, conflux policy guidance and the constraints of limited resources is a tortuous task (Brammer 2007).The Children Act 1989 is the main legislative instrument that mandates all child care professionals to work towards the surpass interest of the child. The Act received empurpled assent in 1991 and arose from substantial research that exposed poor outcomes and probatory failings in safeguarding, protecting and meeting childrens needs (Brayne Carr 2005). This same Act also introduced the welfare check list, to include factors that must be considered when professionals and the courts are deciding the future welfare of a child.Although the philosophy of the Act is that the child is best brought up in their own families, at times this is not in the best interests of the child. The local authority has a duty to safeguard and incite the childs welfare (s.22(3)). The overarching princi ple of the Act is that the welfare of the child is paramount (s.1) no matter of race, religion or culture. Although section 22(5)c) of the Act states that the local authorities must consider the childs religious persuasion, racial origin and ethnical and linguistic background, this only applies to looked after children (Brammer 2007). Under the Race Relations (Amendment Act) 2000, local authorities take up a duty to promote good race relations and e character, return a culturally sensitive service and protect over against racial discrimination.Whilst articles 3,5,6,8 and 14 within the Human Rights Act 1998 are important to children, it is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) that provides a comprehensive framework for children to attain their full potential. It sets out over 40 substantive rights including protection from harm and exploitation, access to pedagogics and health and family life (DFES, 2003).The governments first attempt to transforms childrens serv ices was the implementation of the fiber Protects initiative. Also part of a wider set of projects including Sure Start to help children in their early years and their families get off to a mend start in life. The Quality Protects program set out 11 linchpin objectives (DOH 1999) for childrens services requiring all statutory agencies as corporate parents to work together, ensuring that childrens social services provide targeted care for disadvantaged children to enable them to take maximum advantages of universal services, most notably health and education. It was the key instrument for delivering the aims of the government pureness Paper, Modernising Social Services (DOH 1998). Local authorities were essential to submit a Management Action Plan informing the government on how they were going to meet these objectives. Choice Protects was a further initiative launched in 2002 to improve outcomes for looked-after-children through providing better placement stability, matching and selection (Butler et al 2004)Further changes in legislation followed the death of capital of Seychelles Climbi whilst in private foster care. Lord Lamings report made key recommendations for change following this inquiry (Victoria Climbi Inquiry 2003). The governments response was a major see the light of childrens services and the Children Act 2004, underpinned by the policies set out in all Child Matters agenda (DFES, 2003). This focused on achieving cinque key outcomes for services to children, to work towards achieving their full potential.The Five Key Outcomes of the Every Child Matters areBeing healthy,Staying safe,Enjoying and achieving,Making a positive contri exclusivelyion andAchieving economic well- beingness.The 2004 Act also established childrens trusts, bringing together education, health and social services, as well as a childrens commissioner to promote the interests and views of children. Due to the profound importance of education, section 22(3) of the Chil dren Act 1989 amended by section 52 of the Children Act 2004 now places a duty on local authorities to promote the educational advance of Looked-After-Children (Brammer 2007).The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DOH 2000b) and resolveant practice guidance was introduced as part of New Labours Quality Protects programme and replaced what was formerly the orange book. The three inter-related dimensions of the framework Childs Development Needs, Parenting Capacity and Family and environgenial Factors and its sub-domains present the necessary ingredients to provide a holistic, specialist sagacity of need used in conjunction with the Children Act 1989, that carers, former(a) professionals and agencies can contribute.The domains can be adapted for the needs of disabled children and are useful for social workers in assessing placements to establish suitability in meeting the childs holistic needs (DOH, 2000b). Additionally, they can be used to evalu ate progress within parenting capacities, peculiarly if key areas were targeted for improvement, thus determining whether the needs of the child will be sufficiently met if they are to return to their own home environment (Ibid, 2000b).The honey oil Assessment Framework (CAF) as proposed by Every Child Matters (DFES, 2003) is a relatively new standardised approach for assessing the need for services for children and is part of a wider government programme to provide integrated services including the need to improve multi-agency working. The CAF is a common language in assessment and is based upon the five outcomes of Every Child Matters (Brammer 2007).Every Child Matters raises questions of where looked-after-children should be (or get to) in relation to other children. The agenda aims to improve the lives of looked-after-children holistically across the five outcomes linking to the conditions in the UNCRC (Unicef 2006a). The objective is to improve and integrate childrens servic es, promote early intervention, provide strong leadership, bringing together different professionals in multi-disciplinary teams in nine to achieve positive outcomes for children, using a matrix of specialist, targeted and universal services built around their needs.As a social work, I cannot over emphases the importance gaining a comprehensive assessment of a child under my care. This includes getting an in depth picture/knowledge of the childs past times explanation throughout his/her development as this can inform me and others on how the child is likely to respond to token situations, together with the possible triggers to specific deportment of that individual, including the childs view of the relationship with his/her family. It is this kind of information, which Falhberg (1994) says is sometimes missing from case files, which could result in the child not receiving an appropriate care package or placement. However, it is important to remember that when gathering informati on childrens own perspectives on their experiences are an important source of knowledge as well (DOH 2000a p.8). Furthermore, this knowledge equips me with the substance of sharing information between professionals in society to be able promote and meet the childs holistic needs. In the inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie and many other previous inquiries in to child protection failures it was noted that the quality of information sharing was often poor, systems were crude and information failed to be passed between hospitals in close proximity to each other. As the report commented, information systems that depend on the random passing of slips of paper absorb no place in modern services (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry Report, 2003, p13). In order to provide an effective system for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, all agencies and staff working with children need to work together in addressing the aftermath of information sharing and recording.Although pe rsonal information should al demeanors be respected (DOH 2000 p.45), there are times when the law permits the disclosure without consent in order to safeguard the child. Therefore, by explaining to the child at the outset why and how information is shared, there are no unnecessary surprises for the child.The Working together document (DOH, 1999) highlights the importance of multidisciplinary and inter agency working in children work force. This document was put together by Department Of Health, Department for training and Employment and the Home Office. It serves as a guide to inter-agency working with a commitment to sharing information to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. However, it also provides improved guidance on child protection procedures and the saucily amend Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards.Implications on social work practiceHowever, safeguarding children is never broad from ethical dilemmas. For example, it is necessary at times to place children in seize accommodation under section 25 of the Children Act 1989 for their own and others sentry duty (Brammer 2007). Although this conflicts with Article 5 of the UNCRC Right to Liberty along with the potential to light their autonomy, this must therefore be a last resort to safeguard their welfare when other strategies and social work interventions have been ineffective.Yet another(prenominal) area of consideration is effective care planning for Looked-After-Children. This is key to promoting and meeting their holistic needs.Care plans should be child-centred/person-centred, needs based, focussed, proactive and written conjointly with the social worker, the child (depending on age and maturity), parents/guardians and any prospective caregivers (National Childrens pectus 2007). In this way, care can be delivered in a more open and understanding way. This also promotes partnership between all stakeholders compound in the care and welfare of the child. However, studies undertaken b y Timms Thorburn (2006) revealed that children were not al ways obscure in writing their care plan as much as they should be. The care plan is a continuing process based on a holistic assessment of the childs needs and how they will be met, including a statutory Health Plan and Personal Education Plan (including additional Educational Needs) which sets out targets, providing a valuable individual monitoring implement (DfES 2005). The requirement of statutory reviews laid out in section 26 of the Children Act 1989 reinforces this continuum (Thomas 2005). The amendment to section 26 made by section 118 of the acceptation and Children Act 2002, now requires that statutory reviews must be chaired by an nonsymbiotic Reviewing Officer, who ensures plans are timely, effective and sensitive and focussed on the childs needs, the placement, offering a safeguard to prevent drift and addressing poor practice (DfES 2004 p.8). However, this looks good on paper but the question remains as to how independent the supreme Reviewing Officer can be when he/she is employed or paying by the local authority for the services rendered.Furthermore, the Looked-After-Children documentation also contains significant component identifying age-related Assessment and Action records. These records are an achievable by way of assessing and reviewing the childs well being across the seven dimensions of the childs developmental needs determined within the assessment framework (DOH 2000c). Additionally, these records identify each others roles in labor movement the tasks to effectively meet these outcomes (Thomas 2005). Walker et al (2003) emphasises that these records should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Related to the assessment and have a clear Time scale (SMART) for completion. Its been argued again and again that meeting the needs of depressed and minority ethnic children is a interlinking task for social workers given the controversial debates regarding same race/trans-rac ial placements (Thomas 2005). Is this not a way of further marginalising, discriminating and oppressing this host of children? Walker (2005) cited by Allain (2007, p137) stresses the importance of . . . developing culturally competent practice for working with children and adolescent people cannot be overstated. Meaning as social workers we need to be cultural sensitive and aware that cultural norms and representatives of demeanor can go away considerably between communities and even families (Victoria Climbi Inquiry 2003 para.16.5). However, many children who are fostered are from black and minority ethnic groups with entirely different cultures (Thomas 2005). Although there is research to suggest that trans-racial placements are not damaging to children (Tizard and Phoenix 1989) The Children Act 1989 (Guidance and Regulations vol 3 paras 2.40-2.42 DOH 1991) promotes same race placements within foster settings.As a social worker, I am aware that assessments are not observe fr ee. According to City of Salford Community and Social Services (2000) social workers bring their racial, cultural, gender, class and religious set to the assessment. Clear guides to good professional practice are hold within the GSCC codes of practice. Anti-oppressive practice and valuing diversity in its broadest mount are at the heart of social work together with a commitment to partnership working, being non-judgemental, trus dickensrthy and respecting service users rights (GSCC 2002).Dominelli (1997) also states that in their quest to treat everyone as equals, social workers have inadvertently adopted a colour blind approach implying that skin colour is the only difference, thus reinforcing negative assumptions. In addition, she notes social workers have dumped black strong children on to black foster carers highlighting racist assumptions that they can look after their own. According to Cross (1971 cited by DOH 2000a) black children attempt to gain a positive sense of raci al identity. Therefore, in order for child care professional to assess and understand, Cross provides a model of identity that can be used to make the correlation between the childs own perception and their emotional development.Another highlight is that unaccompanied chancel seeking children are not only faced with language and cultural issues, but it appears that the Hillingdon Judgment and its subsequent guidance (LAC (2003)13) DOH 2003) is not being adhered to nationally (Nandy 2005). Children aged 16-17 are still being supported by section 17 of the Children Act 1989 (children in need) rather than having full section 20 status as per the recommendations, providing them with ongoing support post-18. The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000 provides for, a holistic Pathway Assessment of needs, which informs the Pathway Plan for a continuum of care and support until the age of 21(beyond if in education) with a personal adviser. Section 24 of the Children Act 1989 sets out the duty of the local authority to advise, assist and stand by a child who leaves care after the age of 16. However, research bespeaks that although Looked-After-Children are the most vulnerable in society, they are pushed to independence earlier than other children. Stein (2006 p.274) describes care leavers as having accelerated and compressed transitions to adulthood.Educational attainment for Looked-After-Children is unacceptably low, with only 12 per cent achieving 5 GCSEs grades A-C compared to 59 per cent of other children (DfES 2007). Research by Berridge et al (1998 cited by DOH 1998a) indicates that Looked-After-Children, particularly those in residential care are ill-equipped with adequate acquisition materials and staff felt that they were not sufficiently trained to provide teaching support to those who were excluded from school (DfES 2005). Guidance from the DfES (2005) aims to promote better partnership working including teacher training and additional support for Looked-Afte r-Children in schools.Fundamental to the Children Act 1989 is that the children have a right to be heard and are individuals in their own right. The childs wishes and feelings must be sought by the local authority with regards to aspects of their circumstances and future plans (s.22(5)) and s.1(3) when courts are making decisions. This principle is enshrined in the Article 12 of the UNCRC (Unicef, 2006). However, Thomas (2005) notes that there is still a debate to what cessation children have in determining their lives, although the general consensus is that they should be listened to. Leeson (2007) also states that childrens booking in decision making is questioned due to them being regarded as vulnerable, slight competent beings in need of social work protection (p.268). Although children may not know what they want, they should be encouraged by all professionals to participate, (according to their age and understanding) thus empowering them and increasing their autonomy.Commu nication with children is the means to establishing a relationship, even when they do not want to engage verbally. Play, activity based work, writing, drawing and body language are also essential tools in the art of being receptive (Kroll 1995 cited by Thomas 2002). Disabled children may prefer other methods of communication such as the Picture Exchange Communication System, Makaton or British Sign Language. Additionally, they may have their own individual ways of communicating, therefore it is crucial that not only the child care professionals understand, but the child has confidence that their messages are heard (DFES, 2006).Foster carers and residential workers have a similar role. They work closely with social workers, families, doctors, psychologists, teachers, nurses, probation officers and other external agencies in order to effectively promote the holistic needs of the child. Although it is the business of the social worker to ensure that plans are implemented, reviewed an d legalities adhered to, residential staff and foster carers are principally the ones to undertake the tasks (Thomas 2005).Studies by Whitaker et al 1998 cited by DOH (1998) highlighted the extensive skills and personal qualities that are required when working within group living, including knowledge and understanding of development, group dynamics, networks, listening, advocating, physical and emotional support. This list is not exhaustive and not exclusive to residential on the contrary, foster carers should as be proficient in these skills.Due to the challenge nature of the profession there is a high turnover of staff within residential care which amounts to children not being able to form adequate attachments, although key worker systems are used to enhance this. Colton et al (2007) analysed a number of factors from researchers and concluded that one of the key issues was emotional exhaustion from increasingly complex, volatile, disorderly and disruptive behaviour displayed by children towards staff. According to Fostering Network (2007) foster care turnover also remains high with a famine of over ten thousand foster carer placements.According to Barter et al (2004) many children entering the care system are filling an operable vacancy rather than receiving an appropriate provision to meet their complex needs. Furthermore, Triseliotis (2002) notes that children are far more likely to be in continual state of insecurity due to the legalities of impermanence and many felt that this anxiety was heightened from the carers deal or else stance. Although research has indicated that authoritative parenting within fostering has had the most victor (Wilson et al 2004). The use of Social Learning Theory, particularly in the newly funded Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care Project in England, considers that since behaviour is learned, it can be unlearned via therapeutic methods and living environment. MTFCE is targeted for those with complex needs, challengin g behaviour and offenders (DFES, 2003).Under section 26 of the Children Act 1989, children have a statutory right to complain about the services they receive. Amendments to the Children Act 1989 via the Adoption and Children Act 2002 (s.119) created a new section (26(a)) which affords children and young people a statutory right to an advocate in the light of complaints (Brammer 2007). In addition, the White Paper Valuing People (DOH 2001) emphasises that children who have learning disabilities should also be included in such initiatives. Furthermore, Ward (1995) notes that the local authories should be playing a more active role and taking the initiative to seek the views of Looked-After-Children, as some of those looked after, are under duress (p.16)To ensure children are looked after properly, residential homes and fostering agencies are inspected by an independent body. As of April 2007, Ofsted began the regulation and inspection of childrens services building on the previous exp ertise of centering for Social Care Inspection (Ofsted 2007). Residential homes are subject two annual visits (one announced and one unannounced) from the inspecting body to monitor performance against both the National Minimum Standards (DOH 2002) and the Childrens Homes Regulations 2001.Internal inspections are required by the registered manager to monitor matters set out in Schedule 6 of the regulations (34(1)) such as, menus, the quality of rotas, staffing and childrens complaints. Under regulation 33, a monthly inspection takes place by a statutory visitor to monitor performance against the five outcomes of Every Child Matters. Including speaking to the children and staff, checking files, care plans and placement plans. A report is then prepared and forwarded to Ofsted.Many children have a troubled and complex past (Thomas 2005). A good home offers attachments, permanence, identity, self-importance esteem and promotes contact (where necessary) with the child and parent(s). bo nd paper theory originiates from the work of John Bowlby and has been elaborated considerably since. Attachment behaviour is reciprocal rather than unidirectional and is defined as a long enduring emotionally meaningful tie to a particular individual cited by Schaffer (1997 p.127). Bowlby theorised that lack of nurturing from an infants primary care giver would have serious consequences for the child in later life, leading to affectionless psychopathy (the softness to have deep feelings for others) in Rutter (1991). Social workers need to consider how a placement will promote healthy attachments and psychological development, furthermore, how they are provided, maintained and strengthened (Howe 1996, cited by Thomas 2005). However, Robinson (2002) criticises Howe for failing to mention the attachments within the black community and families in his writings, merely referring to cultural variations.Research identified four attachment behaviours secure, insecure/avoidant ambivalent a nd disorganised, secure being the most exalted (Howe 2002). A good understanding of these internalised behaviours assists social workers to differentiate between them when analysing assessments (Ibid 2002). Howe further notes that there is a tendency for these internal working models to become self fulfilling, where by the child acts in certain ways to elicit in demand(p) self-confirming reactions from others. However, research indicates that a child does not have to be at the mercy of the past (Schaffer 1992 p.40) depending on how resilient the child is to adapting to lifes complex variables.The preponderance of mental disorders is high in looked-after-children, particularly in residential care compared to foster care. According to the Office of National Statistics (2003) nearly three accommodate of the children in residential care (72 per cent) were clinically diagnosed as having a mental disorder. The role of the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services promotes the mental well being of children through commissioning services via a four-tier strategical framework (level four being severe) following an assessment (DFES, 2003).Most looked-after-children receive services at level three or four. However, Schaffer (1998) suggests that it is difficult to describe who will need therapeutic involvement and who will simply conjure up out of it. Leighton (In press) states that professionals must be aware of their own personal pass judgments and attitudes that could influence decision making as to whether a child will benefit from therapy. Furthermore, she adds that ethical challenges are plentiful in creating and respecting the childs autonomy whilst labor a balancing act with safeguarding their welfare and promoting their best interests.Thomas (2005, 2002) urges perplexity with the overall concept of best interests of the child as he suggests that it could be oppressive and dangerous if misused, particularly with regards to who is making the decisions in the best interests for example professionals, the family or the child themselves. Although there is good evidence from research to indicate positive outcomes for children, these cannot assume a one size fits all solution to ensuring a desired individual result for there are other intricacies that need to be taken into account, for example religion and culture.With regards to child welfare, Fox-Harding (1997) states that the Children Act 1989 is in ideological conflict concerning the role of the state. She notes four different value positions liassaz-faire, state paternalism, parents rights and childrens rights. The latter two are appropriate here. Firstly, she notes that the perspective of parents rights acts as a belief

Understanding The Moral Viewpoint Philosophy Essay

Understanding The Moral View lay Philosophy EssayWhat is the deterrent example point of see, and why is it regarded as important? Def block off or remark the picture that commerce populate must operate from the gross(a) point of view. The chaste point of view as stated by Partridge, (2010) assumes that a mor entirelyy mature individual possesses a cognitive capacity which unsloped might be unique to our species the capacity of for each oneness of us to bring in in separates the someoneal qualities such as emotions, aspiration, value, and consciousness, that we immediately experience ourselves. Whereas Kurt Baier holds that unriv tout ensembleed is taking the chaste point of view if sensation is non organismness egoistic, one is doing things on principle, one is leave behinding to universalize one principles, and in doing so one considers the good of every(prenominal)one alike. (Gensler, Spurgin Swindal , 2004). Yet, Hume thought that the moral point of view was that of sympathy. (Gensler, Spurgin Swindal , 2004),When we take the moral point of view, we try on to adjudicate disputes aptly, we assume that other persons atomic number 18 neither more nor less important than ourselves, and we assume that our bear claims will be considered alongside those of others in an impartial manner. These three components of the moral point of view are respectively concerned with rationality in the sense that it involves the diligence of reason rather than feeling or continent inclination, universalizability in the sense that the principles or propositions ascertained therefrom apply to all persons and to all relevantly similar circumstances, and impartiality in the sense that principles or propositions ascertained therefrom apply to persons irrespective of arbitrary considerations (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008).Thus in a collective sense, the moral point of view may be understood as the point of view of every person and could be defined as ap proaching a problem from the perspective of its being chastely decently or wrong, or morally excellent. The Moral stop of View has both tonality features a commitment or willingness to seek out and act on reasons in that the best act is the one supported by the best reasons and a commitment to impartiality, of regarding the interests of everyone as evenly worthy of consideration.A commitment to these two key features is justified by the fact that we are rational and communal beings acting this way, therefore, best fits with who and what we are.The application of the moral point of view within business is one that is needed. consort to Beauchamp, Bowie, and Arnold, (2008), a business organization that is solely guided by stinting considerations is an amoral or unethical organization. An organization that operates under the pretense that what and how they do business does non affect or affect others is destined for a bunco and rocky history. An organization must understand they not only impact or interact with suppliers, employees, other business, but excessively those not right off involved with their operations, but those second or third removed, with association by the suppliers, through the employees, and through other business and the community. When a business is amoral or unethical, they present themselves as less of a competitor and will rally their profit margin shrink, as they do their customer base.ReferencesBeauchamp, T. L., Bowie, N. E., and Arnold, D. G. (2008). Ethical system and Business(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.Gensler, H. J., Spurgin, E. W. and Swindal, J. (2004). Ethics coeval readings /.New York RoutledgePartridge, E., Ph.D (2010). Environmental Ethics and Public Policy Website. TheOnline Gadfly, Retrieved December 4, 2010, from www.igc.org/ blighterQuestion 2Provide an exposition of the stockholder view of the corporation as defended by Milton Friedman. What would Friedman likely say a bout the NYSEG Corporate right computer program? Provide an exposition of the stakeholder view of the corporation as defended by R. Edward freewoman. What would Freeman likely say about the NYSEG Corporate responsibility program? With whom do you agree more?AnswerThe traditional or unsullied Stockholder View, the one presented by Milton Friedman, is that the corporation seeks to maximize profits in the interest of increasing the wealth of its owners, the shareholders (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008) in the simplest of terms ?to make money.? Managers are morally and legally cause to serve as agents of the stockholders, and prelude their interests heedless of how those decisions might affect the other stakeholders. The only group that has a moral claim on the corporation is the people who own shares of the stock.Regarding Friedman?s view on NYSEG Corporate Responsibility Program, Friedman would tow the hard line. Based on his theory, he would say it was good business to cut off go to those that are unable to pay, since it did not violate a law or regulation, and it was within the organizations right to do so.Sitting at the other end of the spectrum is the Stakeholder View, essentially a balanced accountability approach, presented by R. Edward Freeman. The corporation is obligated to seek balance in striving to serve justly the detail demands of each of its stakeholder groups (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008). The key is finding the correct balance of returns provided and contributions expected for each stakeholder group, including owners, management, employees, customers, suppliers, government, the community, and society as a whole. This involves trade-offs, while profit generation is one goal, this has to be balanced against other goals and sometimes profit may be sacrificed in order to help out other stakeholders. Managers are morally and legally obligated to serve as agents of all stakeholder groups, and try to advance all of these interests collecti vely, without favoring either one group. Many groups have a moral claim on the corporation that derives from the corporation potential to harm or benefit them these groups would includes the owners, corporate managers, local community, customers, employees and suppliersRegarding Freeman?s view on NYSEG Corporate Responsibility Program, Freeman would support the program. Based on his theory, the customers are a stakeholder group that is worthy of consideration. Striving for the balance of profit, and support of those customers requiring assistance. With Freeman?s view, I find myself in total agreement, his view provides for a stable and balanced approach. In that developing a strong birth with the customers, provides to a degree the possibility of profit gain to the shareholder, as swell up as providing a marketing prospect for new customers.ReferencesBeauchamp, T. L., Bowie, N. E., and Arnold, D. G. (2008). Ethical speculation and Business(8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jerse y Pearson Education, Inc.Question 3What are the chief(prenominal) features of Kantian ethics? What are the main features of utile ethics? Which view do you find most persuasive? why?AnswerKantian ethicsIn Kantian ethics the main guiding principle is known as the categorical imperative also called Formula of Universal Law, or Formula of the Kingdom of Ends what everyone, everywhere, ought to do. A key feature of the categorical imperative is its universal nature in form goodness, but there may be exceptions, and only if they can be universalized (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008).Although Kantian ethics contain several main principles, the primary concept is the idea that certain principles are internalally moral, and that a moral person or society must observe these categorical imperatives in all situations.Moral rules should be based on the premise of reason and rational agents, not on human nature or conscience (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008). Intentions, motives, will of th e person and executions-in-themselves are morally relevant and more important than consequences. When considering an action an individual must ask whether they can imagine their intentions for an action as a general rule for everyone. If a person does something out of a sense of duty to moral law, to make an informed, uncoerced decision, free of impertinent authority, then his actions have moral value.Treating people with ?dignity? and respect is a moral consideration. Respect for the person, people are intrinsically valuable and should not be used or treated as a pith to an end. People should be respected as ends in and of themselves.Utilitarian hypothesisAccording to Beauchamp, Bowie, and Arnold, (2008), John Stuart Mill argues that unconvincing and incompatible theories can be coherently unified by a single standard of munificence that allows us to decide objectively what is right and wrong, developing Utilitarianism. The principle of utility, or the ?greatest happiness? pri nciple, dictates that the given action or practice is right when compared with any alternative action or practice if it leads to the greatest mathematical balance of beneficial consequences or to the least possible balance of no-account consequences. Mill also holds that the concepts of duty, obligation, and right are subordinated to, and determined by, that which maximizes benefits and minimizes harmful outcomes (Beauchamp, Bowie, Arnold, 2008).Utilitarianism is a moral principle that holds that the morally right course of action in any situation is the one that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms for everyone affected. So long as a course of action produces maximum benefits for everyone, utilitarianism does not care whether the benefits are produced by lies, manipulation, or coercion.In evaluating the goodness of an action, utilitarianists require for the effect or consequence that the action may have, and whether or not the greatest happiness by all will be a chieved. Utilitarianists do not necessarily view an action as having any intrinsic worth in and of itself. They do not require we know every possible consequence of an action, but that we take into account what can middling be anticipated to result from the action.Utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward order for deciding the morally right course of action for any peculiar(prenominal) situation we may find ourselves in.To discover what we ought to do in any situation, we first identify the various courses of action that we could perform. Second, we determine all of the predictable benefits and harms that would result from each course of action for everyone affected by the action. And third, we tell apart the course of action that provides the greatest benefits after the costs have been taken into account.Which is more persuasive, Kantian or Utilitarian?Kants theory of imperatives, though quite rational, seems to be a utopian concept that cannot be fully cognise in a complex society. Whereas Utilitarian calculation requires that we assign values to the benefits and harms resulting from our actions and compare them with the benefits and harms that might result from other actions this in itself would be a tremendous undertaking. Kantian ethics focuses more on the actual action or motive and the morality of that action as opposed to utilitarianism, which focuses more on the morality of the consequence and, not of the action or motive. Kantian ethics state the treatment of everyone should be as an end in themselves and never exploit them as means, as opposed to utilitarianism, which states the treatment of people should be as means to improve everyone?s situation.Looking at Kantian and Utilitarian philosophies, the two appear as polar opposites. scarce in the end, they both seek a morally right and virtuous life. Each brings a different aspect to a given situation. The two theories are not all encompassing for every situation it is in this that both are persuasive for a given event.

The Work Of A Hotels Front Desk Staff Tourism Essay

The Work Of A Hotels effort Desk Staff Tourism imagine forWhen in a hotel there ar theorises for al iodine levels where the figurehead home bus crinkle and responsibilities, facilitateant coach-and-fours jobs and responsibilities, the bird-sc arr desk representatives job and responsibilities, the night auditor job and responsibilities, the cashiers jog and responsibilities. If only the job and responsibilities be d matchless fixly the hotel forget be prosperous in the hotel industry. However if a poor job is done the hotel will face failure and bankruptcy there for it is of the essence(predicate) for the staff to achieve there job and responsibilities to secure a successful business. app bent motion Office ManagerThe strawman shoes manager is in charge of maintaining a t any level of efficiency among all the previous procedure staff, to stick effective decisions regarding backlogs policies and live bedments, and handle leaf node problems and complaints w ith ingenuity and tact. The manager essentialinessinessinessiness similarly maintain an open intercourse among all other departments of the hotel. The sc arcrow superpower manager essential assign duties to all staff instalments of the motion office. He is in charge of preparing hebdomadally contribute schedules and shift assignments, scheduling regular staff meeting to put to work for certain that staff understand what they stool to do and all the hotel policies. The manager essential withal hire and cosmic string all new employers, systematically overview the performance of each the new staff members. The forepart office manager must overly define the reservation policies and set quotas, aiming for level best mode occupancy. The manger must also monitor all arrivals, departures and cancellations. And setting policies for no-shows, earlier arrivals, and over booking.Assistant Front Office ManagerThe assistant front office manager is there to aid the dep artment manager who is answer adequate to(p) for organise front desk personnel, monitoring all guests accounts and payments, and authorized run acrosss and credit procedures.to a fault the assistant manager may assist the front desk staff during high peak periods. Other duties of an assistant manager argon to review reservation for the solar day and preparing insouciant room occupancy forecasts. For a manager an front office manager may sport have a deal of work to do so as a front office assistant manager he is to garter the manager with extra work that takes to be done. Along with helping desk staff if the are to many a(prenominal) clients wanting lodgeing. There for needing patience.Front Desk Representatives.Front desk representatives are the main for who are continuously reminded to ceaselessly show to the personality of the hotel to all the guests, to be a front desk representative you must strong communication skills along with the king to work with people. Front desk representatives must use diplomacy, courtesy, and lovesometh in show to successfully make a guest looking at welcome. They must also deal with clients problems and complaints. Also to directly work with clients of the hotel. Working at the front desk they have an authoritative role of assigning rooms and maintain maximum occupancy. The front desk is responsible for positive reservation information, checking credit card credit and authorization, assigning rooms, and dispensing room keys. Other duties are to provide information some facilities and policies, handling special guest requests, such as photocopies, and gift purchases. A front desk representative must everlastingly be polite warm and understanding just about customers. Giving there full attention to customers. A customer does not resembling to be keept waiting. And also must play up their experience in the hotel.The night auditor.A night auditor has 2 jobs to do where number one he must do all the jobs as a front office representative. Secondly he or she must prepare a machine balance report. Typically, a night auditors shifts fertilize from 11 pm until 7 am. When the front desk responsibility slackens usually the night auditor starts to audit or trace the posting of the previous eld transactions to verify their accuracy. The main point is the night auditor must calculate the total charges owed to the hotel and incurred by guests during the previous day. They must determine the daily balance. To be a night auditor one must be thoroughly with numbers along with having all the skills needed to be a front office representatives. A night auditor is one of the approximately tireing jobs in a hotel. Because work is based at night until proto(prenominal) morning. As for about people wont want to work as a night auditor.CashiersThe cashiers are responsible for checking out departing clients, posting charges, verifying the guest check, and handling payments. Cashiers may also be requir ed to assist other members of the front desk staff in the performance of their duties. And vice versa. Cashiers are responsible for verifying payments from customers who are about to check out. Also they must calculate the charges and presenting the guest check. They are considered members of the business relationship department who answer to the accounting manager. And finally they have other duties, such as sorting mail, handlingguests communications, and coordinating room status and reports. A cashier is responsible for handeling all the income for a hotel so its necessary that a cashier is knowledge adequate about accounting. And also if asked to help the front office staff with their dutys so there for must have good people skills to be able to enunciate sucessufly with a customer. existence a cashier one must constantly respecta customer along with getting all your taskes fulfilled.ReservationistThe reservationist is responsible for handling advance room requests, determini ng availability, quoting rates, and documenting reservations. Reservation systems range from simple forms that are organized like desk calendars to computer-based systems. A reservationist must have good knowledge of the rooms, rates, and hotel policies. In addition, arithmetic and computer skills may be required. A reservationist is responsible for reciving all reservations and traffic with the accordanly. But mst make authorized that all reservations are below 70% because that is the limit that a hotel and re execute for customers. Because if a hotel reserves 100% of the hotel and most the guests dont come they will lose customers and income. A reservationist must know how to deal with a customer, say when when you can and know how to reject a customer if the hotel has already reserved 70% of rooms in the hotel.Tele headphone instrumentA mobilize operator is responsible for coordinating the use of the telephone system of a large hotel. An operator answers all incoming teleph one calls and directs the callers to the appropriate guest room, department, or staff member. In addition, operators may be required to direct home base calls placed from inside the hotel. Operators must have an up to date directory of the guests room assignments. This position requires oral communication skills, an streamlined telephone technique, and attention to detail. A telephone is required to know how to conveyance of title calls to all rooms in the hotel and know how to make house give calls from within the hotel. A telephone operator must answer the phone with a make a face talk with a gental tone to all guests. It is meaning(a) that a telephone operatormust have full knowledge on how to do his job.CONCLUSIONThe Work of a hotels front desk staff is alpha they are responsible of first paintings and must always treat guests like royalty. To do so they must always meet their jobs critiera where a front office manager is responsible for looking out on staff self-import ance-aggrandizing a weekly work schedule, high level of efficiency infront of all staff, be able to make decisions, and must always have communications with all deparments of the hotel. A assistant front office manager is to help the manager with tasks needed. Coordanating front desks opperations the assistant front desk manager has the responsibility to train all new employees. The front desk representative are the one who serve guests, they must always be polite and carry a grin at all eras. Being a front desk representative you need be to able to communicate with customers successfully. The night auditor is responsible of 2 jobs first he is a front dest representative then when customers stymy coming normaly around 1 he must calculate all income from the day. cashiers are the ones who deal with the money that guest pay before check out. The also can assists the front office representative with their work. They are considered as members of the accounting department.working unde r the supervision of the accounting manager.Reservationist are basicly the ones who deal with reservations from customers. find availability, quoting rates and documenting reservations. The telephone operator is in charge of handeling all calls, and directive the calls to guests rooms, staff members or department. The also may have to direct house calls placed from within the hotel.QUESTION 2Front office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. spell about Front Office staff skill in guest relations.INTRODUCTIONFront office staffs must have certain skills to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff skill in guest relations.When working in a hotel as a front office representative you must have special skills to attract customers. From being able to have a good first impression, giving a smile to customers. Good interpersonal and communication with customers. being able handle tense up properly. Having knowledg e of phone lines, having knowledge of computers. Being polite and always demonstrate warmth to all customers. Being polite, being courteous, having patience with all troubleing customers. Being helpful to all the customers. When having learned all these skills it will be booming to attract customers to the hotel. Being polite and warm to all customers. When all of these skills are used aright for sure that all Customers will feel precious and important by the hotel. Then wanting to come again on holiday. Resulting in a successful hotel. All this is needed for a front office staff.When working in a hotel customers will want to feel like they are wanted by the hotel. Since customers are paying for their stomach they will want the perfect service where all customers want to be able to stay their holiday in peace. To do so the staff must always show that they are wanted.A good first impression,A good first impression can go a long way. The way you dress, the way your hair is tied fo r girls, your hair agency for guys, how u say hello to a customer. The way you present your self is important because a customer does not want to be served by someone who looks unpresentable. So dressing correctly and having a decent hairstyle is important to attact customers. Therefor staff members must always have a correct alike on and is presentable to all customers. First impressions can also be seen from how you greet a customer. A simple hello and a smile would be enough. And must also commend regular customers by name. It makes them feel as if they are all wanted and remembered by the hotel. So making sure that all staff are dressed correctly and know how to greet a customer properly. Good interpersonal and communication with customers. Again all staff must be able to communicate with customers well. making sure that the customers fully enjoy their stay. Being interpersonal and having good communication with all customers is important to have in a hotel to make it success ful.Being able handle strive properly.Every staff member of a hotels front office must always remember that they must not show their personal problems inside the hotel. If in a unstable way or if angry when a customer comes they must not show their emotions towards them. As for a argument might escalate. However if one has a personal problem that is hard to secure tell your supervisor to let u have a break or the day of. As for personal problems are part of life and cant be helped. But if a small matter they wont. And you will have to wipe out your emotions inorder to satisfy the customer. And if a troubleing customer comes that might be uncivilized or disrespectful one must always ignore what he/she says provided to please the customer. Hold your emotions. Until later when can release them freely. So having control over stress and emotons is important for front office staffs. To ensure that customers are treated correctly and avoid any problems.Being polite and always show ing warmth to all customers.When working in a hotel as a front office staff it is important to always be polite to all customers, politeness is one of the main things to remember when answer a customer. Being rude will show that the hotel does not cover about the customers. Even when the customer is wrong the staff must always respect the customer and remember that the customer is always right. When outside ad out of uniform you can say what you want. But when inside of the hotel or wearing the uniform you must respect all customers and always be polite to all the customers.Showing warmth to customers is important being able to show the customer that they are wanted. Try void body speck a customers would not think well some some one they dont know hugging them. A simple thank you or a smile would be enough to show a customer that they are wanted in the hotel.Being courteous.Courtsy is a form of politeness precept that you for your stay will show your customer that their business is appreciated in a hotel. Always remember that inside a hotel staff must always show courtsy to all customers even if a customer is rude or abnoixous but they are all customers of the hotel and for a hotel to be a success the hotel must have customers so being courteous is important for a hotel. Every hotel must remember to make sure that their front office staff are show courtsy to all customers.Having patience with all troubleing customers.Patience is important for every employee in a hotel. If its being patient role with your boss or more importantly being patient around a troubling customer. A customer way be annoying, rude, disrespectful or just an overall pain. But its the job of a front desk employee to make sure that the customer enjoys their stay. Patience is the key for success as they say. Every employee must be able to handle a customer, have patience with troubling customers and know how to treat all customers correctly.This having being utter every front office mana ger must always remember to train all staff in ways to communicate with customers to successfully gain their business. Every employee shold be kind to all customers, talk in a soft tone to each and every customerAnd always make sure that the customer is pleased when checking into room and checking out. Make sure that their stay is a plesent one.CONCLUSIONEvery employee must have a special set of skills to make sure that a customers stay is plesent. So a manager must always make sure that the playacting supervisor is coorectly training staff to handle customers correctly. By making sure that the employees all know how to communicate with a customer correctly and efficiently. do sure that all employees are warm and kind hearted to all circulating(prenominal) and future customers, enable to sustain current customers and attract potential customers to the hotel. Making sure that customers have no complaints with employees attitude,A good first impression goes along way where all emplo yees know how to dress correctly and look presentable to all customers for the hotel. Being presentable means having the correct uniform and a decent hairstyle nothing to crazy.Being able to handle stress is important to for all employees where they must not show their unhappy mood to customers. Customers dont want to see your attitude.Being courteous to all customers is something every employee must remember. A customer is the income for a hotel. And the reason you work there. So always show customer courtsy.Being able to handle troubleing customers is important. Some time customers can be un-understanding, a employee need to be able to handel a troubling customer easily.Bibliogaphyhttp//www.ehow.com/facts_5538984_hotel-office-manager-job-description.htmlhttp//wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Duties_and_responsibilities_of_front_office_manager_in_hotelhttp//www.paycheck.in/main/work-and-pay/women-paycheck/job-outlook-2/front-office-staff-receptionist-in-hotels-1http//www.wowjobs.co. za/job/Oops.aspx