Commodity market Study Essay

1.Is Sol Levin running a business‘just like any other business’,or is his company open to moral criticism? Defend your answer by appeal to moral principle. In today’s society has become a commercial chain selling blood,it cannot be stopped,if not in the interests of business between demand it will always be a demand,is what we need.May be a pint of blood can promote economic growth,so,it also belongs to egoism(Shaw et al2013,p/63),so blood trading wether to follow business ethics,in my opinion depending on the needs of the recipient,not the opposite.Philosopher Peter Singer elaborated this point in the blood,‘If blood is the price of a commodity,donation only means to save other people’s money’.(p/99)So if the blood successful sale transaction,both to meet the needs of those who also grew by commercial interests,belongs ‘a double win pay’. 2.Did Plasma international strike a fair bargain with the West Africans who supplied their blood to the company?Or is Plasma guilty of exploiting them in some way?Explain your answer. I would agrue that the bargain here was not fair.Plasma international until a Tampa paper charged that Plasma was purchasing blood for as little as 15 cents a pint and then reselling it to hospital in the United States and South America for $25per pint.Blood,low sell high income as a worthless commodity. i supposed Plasma international is quility.But West African,large population,backward development,so, 3.Many believe that commercialisation is increaing in all areas of modern life.If so,is it something to be applauded or condemned?Is it wrong to treat certain things-such as human organs-as commodities? Human organs-applauded,we can help poor person who needs organs,but commodities is differen.

Birth of Witricity Technology Essay

1. INTRODUCTION In this era of modernization, electricity has become the cup of life. A moment without electricity makes your thinking go dry. The major source of conventional form of electricity is through wires. The continuous research and development has brought forward a major breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is called Witricity. There are certain small but very useful discoveries made in history, which changed the world forever, Newton’s gravitational law, Watt’s steam engine, Thomson’s bulb and many more. But a renaissance occurred with the invention of Electromagnetic Waves by Maxwell. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully generated electromagnetic waves having wavelength in the range of 5mm to 25 mm. Thereafter an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in transmitting electromagnetic waves up to a distance of several miles. And with this there started a new era called WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY. Today, as we can see the word ‘wireless’ is common in day – to – day life. Wireless communication has made the world smaller. Almost each and everything is wireless or cordless. Cordless mouse, cordless keyboard, satellite  communication, mobiles, cordless microphones and headphones, wireless internet service i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these have definitely increased the standard of living. In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla used conduction-based systems instead of resonance magnetic fields to transfer wireless power. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficiency. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity which is being used by the MIT researchers today. Moreover, we all are aware of the use of electromagnetic radiations which is quite well known for wireless transfer of information. In addition, lasers have also been used to transmit energy without wires. However, radio waves are not feasible for power transmissions because the nature of the radiation is such that it spreads across the place, resulting into a large amount of radiations being wasted. Witricity is based upon coupled resonant objects to transfer energy between objects without wires. The system consists of a Witricity transmitter, and devices which act as receivers. Like radio receivers, the devices must be in range of the transmitter. Witricity will ensure that the cell phones, laptops, iPods and other power thirsty devices get charged on their own, eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of Witricity some of the devices won’t require batteries to operate which is a boon for the users of these devices. HISTORY: In 1825 William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet, a conducting wire wrapped around an iron core. The principle of EM induction — that a changing magnetic field can induce an electrical current in an adjacent wire — was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Combining these two discoveries, Nicholas Joseph Callan was the first to demonstrate the transmission and reception of electrical energy without wires. Callan’s 1836 induction coil apparatus consisted of two insulated coils called the primary and secondary windings both placed around a common iron core. A battery intermittently connected to the primary would ‘induce’ a voltage in the longer secondary causing a spark to jump across its free terminals. In an induction coil or electrical transformer, which can have either an iron core or an air core, the transmission of energy takes place by simple electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. With  this method it is possible to transmit and receive energy over a considerable distance. However, to draw significant power in that way, the two inductors must be placed fairly close together. If resonant coupling is used, where inductors are tuned to a mutual frequency, significant power may be transmitted over a range of many meters. In 1864 James Clark Maxwell mathematically modeled the behavior of electromagnetic radiation. Some early work in the area of energy transmission via radio waves was done in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz who performed experiments that validated Maxwell’s mathematical model. Hertz’s apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves is generally acknowledged as the first radio transmitter. A few years later Guglielmo Marconi worked with a modified form of the Hertz-wave transmitter, the main improvement being the addition of an elevated conductor and a ground connection. Both of these elements can be traced back to the 1749 work of Benjamin Franklin and that of Mahlon Loomas in 1864. Nikola Tesla also invented radio transmission and reception but unlike Marconi, Tesla designed his own transmitter — one with power-processing capability some five orders-of-magnitude greater than those of its predecessors. He would use this same coupled-tuned-circuit oscillator to implement his conduction-based energy transmission method as well. Both of these no-cables methods employ a minimum of four tuned circuits, two at the transmitter and two at the receiver. As wireless technologies were being developed during the early 1900s, researchers further investigated these different transmission methods. The goal was simply to generate an effect locally and detect it at a distance. Around the same time, efforts began to power more significant loads than the high-resistance sensitive devices that were being used to simply detect the received energy. 2. EVOLUTION OF WITRICITY 2.1 INVENTORS OF WITRICITY The inventors of Witricity are the researchers from the team from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are the people who had coined the phrase of Witricity and this invention can change the way electricity is used today. With Witricity, the tangle of cables, plugs and charters that  normally clutter homes can be rid of. Prof. Marin Soljacic provided the inspiration for the experiment and invention of Witricity. It was while standing in the kitchen one night, that on staring at his mobile phone that he had thought it would be nice if his mobile phone would take care of its own charging instead of him having to periodically charge it. He then tried out his experiment using two coils of copper, where one was connected to a receiver, and the other to a transmitter. With the help of these two coils of copper, the inventors of Witricity managed to transmit power across seven feet through the air to instantly light up a light bulb. Though Witricity worked only distances up till 9 feet at its inception, the inventors believed that it was possible to charge a battery that was located at a distance of a few yards from the power source that was connected to the receiving coil. They state that it would be sufficient to place a source in each room to provide power to the whole house. 2.2. BIRTH OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY The experimental design consisted of two copper coils, each a self-resonant system. One of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil, the resonant capture device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and capture device were suspended in mid-air with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from a few centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated, but the theoretical predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing various objects between the source and capture device, the team demonstrated how the magnetic near field can transfer power through certain materials and around metallic obstacles. Thus Prof. Soljacic’s dream of finding a method to wirelessly connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric grid was realized. Witricity Corp. was soon launched to carry this technology forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production. 2.3. FUNDAMENTALS OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY Witricity technology is transferring electric energy or power over distance  without wires with the basics of electricity and magnetism, and work our way up to the wireless technology. Electricity: The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the atmosphere (like lightning).A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another! Magnetism: A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attract or repel each other Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines. Fig.1 Magnetic Induction Electromagnetism: A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field. Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying an Alternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop A second conducting loop, brought close enough to the first, may â€Å"capture† some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil may be used to power devices. Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a means of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train car—the mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object interacts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device. Fig.2 Illustration showing resonance Resonance: Resonance can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy. Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchange energy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same. Fig.3 Illusration showing the working of WiTricity 3. HOW WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN OTHER TECHNOLOGIES. 3.1. TRADITIONAL MAGNETIC INDUCTION Witricity technology for power transfer appears to be traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending coil (or â€Å"primary  winding†) induces another current in a receiving coil (or â€Å"secondary winding†). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each other. However, the efficiency of the power exchange in traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between the coils becomes larger than their sizes. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inductive â€Å"charging pads† which require that the object being charged be placed directly on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power. The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFids. Witricity founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes. 3.2. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN RADIATIVE POWER TRANSFER Witricity technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field magnetic coupling. Many other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques, either broadcasted or narrow beam (directed radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves. Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is commonly used for wireless information transfer because information can be transmitted over a wide area to multiple users. The power received by each radio or wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a receiving unit using an external power supply. Because the vast majority of radiated power is wasted into free space, radio transmission is considered to be an inefficient means of power transfer. Note that while more energy can be supplied to the receiver by â€Å"cranking up the power† of the transmitters in these systems, such high power levels may pose a safety hazard and may interfere with other  radiofrequency devices. Directed radiation†, using highly directional antennas, is another means of using radio transmission to beam energy from a source to a receiver. However, directed radiation—in particular microwave radiation—may interact strongly with living organisms and certain metallic objects. Such energy transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or objects that obstruct the line-of-sight between the transmitter and receiver. These limitations make directed radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial levels of wireless power in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the battlefield. 3.3. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) MRI machines use â€Å"magnetic resonance imaging† to produce diagnostic images of soft tissue. Many people assume that Witricity â€Å"Resonant Magnetic Coupling† must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only.MRI is, as its name suggests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human body. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to orient the magnetic fields of atoms within tissues, and radio frequency fields to manipulate those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and structures can be imaged clearly. The â€Å"resonance† referred to in â€Å"MRI† refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer. 4. STRIKING FEATURES OF WITRICITY 4.1. HIGHLY RESONANT STRONG COUPLING PROVIDES HIGH EFFICIENCY OVER DISTANCE Witricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. Efficiency may be defined as the amount of usable electrical energy that is available to the device being  powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the Witricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And Witricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a Witricity powered device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the Witricity power source will automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving â€Å"idle† state. 4.2. ENERGY TRANSFER VIA MAGNETIC NEAR FIELD CAN PENETRATE AND WRAP AROUND OBSTACLES The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring energy in atypical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially â€Å"transparent† to magnetic fields—enabling Witricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to â€Å"wrap around† many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields.WiTricity applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your application 4.3. NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER IS SAFE FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALS Witricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organisms—people and animals—and are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist, explains:â€Å"The body really responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave .But it doesn’t respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs.† Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops. Through proprietary design of the Witricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levels  of electric and magnetic fields which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus Witricity technology doesn’t give rise to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals. Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. Witricity technology is being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation. 4.4. SCALABLE DESIGN ENABLES SOLUTIONS FROM MILL WATTS TO KILOWATTS Witricity systems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from mill watts to several kilowatts. This enables Witricity technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (mill watts) to recharging an electric passenger Vehicle (kilowatts).Witricity technology operates in a â€Å"load following† mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires. 4.5. FLEXIBLE GEOMETRY ALLOWS WITRICITY DEVICES TO BE EMBEDDED INTO OEM PRODUCTS Witricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety of products and Systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables Witricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application. Witricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone 5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 5.1 ADVANTAGES No need of line of sight – In witricity power transmission there is no need of line of sight between transmitter and receiver. That is power transmission can be possible if there is any obstructions like wood, metal, or other devices were placed in between the transmitter and receiver. There’s no need of power cables and batteries – Witricity replaces the use of power cables and batteries. Does not interfere with radio waves and overall Wastage of power is small – Electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through air to be absorbed or dissipated. So the wastage is small. Negative health implications – By the use of resonant coupling, wave lengths produced are far lower and thus make it harmless. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction – Electromagnetic induction system can be used for wireless energy transfer only if the primary and secondary are in very close proximity. Resonant induction system is one million times as efficient as electromagnetic induction system. Its less costly – The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So this system is less costly. 5.2. DISADVANTAGES Wireless power transmission can be possible only in few meters. Efficiency is only about 40%.As witricity is in development stage, lot of work is done for improving the efficiency and distance between transmitter and receiver. 6. WITRICITY APPLICATIONS Witricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable and environmentally friendly Witricity technology can be used to provide: 6.1. DIRECT WIRELESS POWER When all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range of  its Witricity power source. 6.2. AUTOMATIC WIRELESS CHARGING When a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its Witricity power source. Witricity technology is designed for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM’s) to embed directly in their products and systems. Witricity technology will make your products: More Convenient: 1) No manual recharging or changing batteries. 2) Eliminate unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords. More Reliable: 3) Never run out of battery power. 4) Reduce product failure rates by fixing the ‘weakest link’: flexing wiring and mechanical interconnects. 5) More Environmentally Friendly: 6) Reduce use of disposable batteries. 7) Use efficient electric ‘grid power’ directly instead of inefficient battery charging 6.3. CONSUMER ELECTRONICS Automatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile. Fig.4 Electronic devices that can be powered up using Witricity. Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TV’s, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc.) †¦ eliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and â€Å"wall-wart† power  supplies. Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals: wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc†¦ eliminating disposable batteries and awkward cabling. Industrial: Direct wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and moving â€Å"joints† (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools) †¦ eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires. 6.4. TRANSPORTATION Automatic wireless charging for future hybrid and all-electric passenger and commercial vehicles, at home, in parking garages, at fleet depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly vehicle wiring harnesses and slip rings. 6.5. OTHER APPLICATIONS Direct wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices (ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrillator, etc.) Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc. Fig.5 Illustration showing Witricity 7. CONCLUSION Witricity engineering is often a non-radiative method of power switch, relying as an alternative within the magnetic close to field. Magnetic fields work together extremely weakly with organic organisms—people and  animals—and are scientifically considered to get safe. WiTricity merchandise are becoming designed to comply with applicable security requirements and regulations. Therefore witricity is know-how safe. Witricity can switch energy is dependent to the supply and receivers. if it really is comparatively shut to one yet another, and may exceed 95%.Efficiency is mostly determined through the length amongst the ability supply and seize machine, about the other hand, the form may perhaps affect the efficiency. it may switch the facility by means of walls also. Conventional magnetic induction calls for that the ability resource and seize unit be quite near to one a lot more typically inside millimeters to exchange ability efficiently. Witricity Technology is depending on sharply resonant sturdy coupling, and is particularly capable to exchange strength effectively even in the event the distances amongst the ability supply and seize gadget are many occasions the dimension of your products themselves. 8. FUTURE SCOPE MIT’s Witricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The team’s next aim is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors .The researchers are also currently working on the health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a Witricity system for commercial use. TROY, Mich. — Delphi Automotive has reached an agreement with Witricity Corp., a wireless energy transfer technology provider, to develop automatic wireless charging products for hybrid and electric vehicles. The collaboration between the two companies will help establish a global infrastructure of safe and convenient charging options for consumer and commercial electric vehicles. â€Å"This is groundbreaking technology that could enable automotive manufacture rs to integrate wireless charging directly into the design of their hybrid and electric vehicles,† said Randy Sumner, director, global hybrid vehicle development, Delphi Packard Electrical/Electronic Architecture. â€Å"Delphi’s expertise in global engineering, validation and manufacturing coupled with Witricity patented  wireless energy transfer technology uniquely positions us to make wireless charging of electric vehicles a reality.† Sumner said the wireless charging system would involve no plugs or charging cords. Drivers would simply park their electric vehicle over a wireless energy source that sits on the garage floor, or is embedded in a paved parking spot. The system will automatically transfer power to the battery charger on the vehicle. According to Eric Giler, chief executive officer, Witricity, their wireless system can already transfer over 3,300 watts — enough to fully charge an electric car at the same rate as most residential plug-in chargers. â€Å"Charging an electric car should be as easy as parking it in your garage or parking spot,† Giler said. â€Å"Witricity high efficiency wireless energy transfer technology is ideally suited for electric vehicle charging, and our partnership with Delphi will help to quickly get this technology deployed in OEM vehicles and infrastructure projects worldwide.† Delphi can bridge the gap between the laboratory and the highway by providing E/E systems integration expertise, a global manufacturing and engineering footprint and high-voltage, high-power components specifically engineered for the hybrid and electric vehicles of today and tomorrow,† Sumner said. Wireless charging technology will need to co-exist with plug-in charging solutions, Sumner added, so that electric vehicle drivers have the ability to charge their vehicle when they are away from their wireless charging source. Delphi also makes a Portable Electric Vehicle Charger that fits conveniently in the trunk of an electric vehicle. The user-friendly, UL-listed charging system plugs into any standard 120-volt outlet to enable safe electric vehicle battery charging at home or away. The charging unit can also be integrated into stationary charging applications. Fig.6 Delphi’s solution for charging the cars using witricity technology REFERENCES [1] Change your electric vehicle wirelessly with Fulton innovations eCoupled technology by Yuka Yoneda. [2] MIT Witricity Not So Original After all by Gary Peterson. [3] MIT team experimentally demonstrates wireless power transfer, potentially useful for powering laptops, cell phones without cords, Franklin Hadley, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. [4] www.witricity.com, Wireless Electricity Delivered Over Distance. [5] MIT Wizards Zap Electricity Through The Air by Katherine Noyes. [6] MIT Makes Breakthrough in Wireless Electricity by Karen M.Cheung.

Wee shall be as a City upon a Hill Essay

God almighty in His most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, others mean and in subjection. Reason: First, to hold conformity with the rest of His works, being delighted to show forth the glory of His wisdom in the variety and difference of the creatures and the glory of His power, in ordering all these differences for the preservation and good of the whole. Reason: Secondly, that He might have the more occasion to manifest the work of His spirit. First, upon the wicked in moderating and restraining them, so that the rich and mighty should not eat up the poor, nor the poor and despised rise up against their superiors and shake off their yoke. Secondly, in the regenerate in exercising His graces in them, as in the great ones, their love, mercy, gentleness, temperance, etc., in the poor and inferior sort, their faith, patience, obedience, etc. Reason: Thirdly, that every man might have need of other, and from hence they might all be knit more nearly together in the bond of brotherly affection. From hence it appears plainly that no man is made more honorable than another, or more wealthy, etc., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man. Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into covenant with Him for this work, we have taken out a commission, the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own articles we have professed to enterprise these actions upon these and these ends, we have hereupon besought Him of favor and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and sealed our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it, but if we shall neglect the observations of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and dissembling with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us, be revenged of such a perjured people, and make us know the price of the breach of such a covenant. Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end we must be knit together in this work as one man, we must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities for the supply of others’ necessities, we must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality, we must delight in each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God and delight in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness, and truth than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when He shall make us a praise and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations, the Lord make it like that of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and byword throughout the world, we shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God and all professors for God’s sake, we shall shame the faces of many of God’s worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. And to shut up this discourse with that exhortation of Moses, that faithful servant of the Lord in His last farewell to Israel, Deut. 30., Beloved there is now set before us life and good, death and evil, in that we are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in His ways and to keep His commandments and His ordinance, and His laws, and the articles of our covenant with Him that we may live and be multiplied, and that the Lord our God my bless us in the land whither we go to possess it. But if our hearts shall turn away so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced and worship other Gods, our pleasures, our profits, and serve them, it is propounded unto us this day we shall surely perish out of the good land whither we pass over this vast sea to possess it. Therefore let us choose life, that we, and our seed, may live, and by obeying His voice, and cleaving to Him, for He is our life and our prosperity. View as multi-pages

Strategies for successful writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies for successful writing - Essay Example That being the Uniform Commercial Code's Section 2 on Sales. I needed to mention this because a sales contract covers many aspects of law, and are governed by different laws. As a contract, it must be governed and validly enforced under the provisions of contract law. First, the chart on slide 2 is indeed based on Exhibit 10.1, page 244 of the textbook, and states elements of a contract. This is slightly inaccurate, since the chart shows the essence of a contract and the steps for creation, rather than elements per se. Second, the same chart is slightly off with regard to Exhibit 10.1, in the sense that sub-box containing the terms, "beween competent parties involving lawful subject matter". In the Exhibit the box is shown as a shared characteristic of both offer and acceptance, showing that this is an essential characteristic that must exist under both the offer and acceptance stage. In the presentation, it is shown only under the offer stage. Indeed this seems a small issue, but to be technically correct, should have been more accurate. Lastly, under the list of circumstances when "a contract may be voided" under slide 6, the last point states that "lawful-not violating state, federal, or common law". This is in effect contradicting the topic at hand, because it states that a contract may be voided because it is lawful, when it should state that a contract is valid when it does not violate law. What did you learn most about this topic that was unclear or unknown before Contract law is always a multi-faceted topic, and states a number of new concepts and principles. This presentation helped me understand more of the definitions of the characteristics within the contract's creation, such as negotiation, offer and acceptance, and consideration. Were any of your questions about this topic left unanswered If so, what are they There were some unanswered questions, which I stated above, relating to the aspects of sales in the presentation. Especially since the topic was sales contracts, the presenter could have economized more on time by minimizing the discussion on contracts and focusing more on sales. *Adapted from Reinking, J. A., Hart, A. W., & Von der Osten, R. (2003). Strategies for successful writing: A rhetoric, research guide, reader, and handbook (6th ed.). Boston: Prentice-Hall/Pearson Custom Publishing.

Identify key features of widely used business application programs Research Paper

Identify key features of widely used business application programs - Research Paper Example Word processors have now become one of the basic requisites of businesses. Using a word processor, one can make a document, save it in an electronically conducive format in a disk or drive, display it on monitor, make amendments to it by inserting commands and various typescripts from keyboard and eventually print it (Dibbern, 2004). It has various advantages, which makes it highly popular among literate individuals. Above all, it is convenient then a typewriter in which you have to retype the whole document in case of any error. However, in Word Processor, editing words, paragraphs and formatting is very easy. Word processing applications provide you with â€Å"file management systems, font specifications, referencing systems, graphics, layouts, grammar and spelling checkers, WYSIWYG  (what you see is what you get) etc† (Dibbern, 2004). Some of the popular word processing applications include â€Å"Microsoft Word, Notepad, Google Docs, Lotus Manuscript, WordPad† (Dib bern, 2004), and many more. Presentation software is another category of application program that creates a continuity of words and pictures to present an idea or story. Business presentation applications are user friendly, compatible, and transferable as well. They enable the user to include images, audio, as well as video developed with other tools. Its advantages are many but primarily it helps in appearance of documents, providing snapshot of ideas, sound effects and much more. Some popular presentation software include â€Å"Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus’s Freelance Graphics, and Corel Presentations, etc† (Dibbern, 2004). These softwares enable a user to have animations attached to their work and improve appearance of data to maximize value. Spreadsheet is one of the most powerful programs used for bookkeeping, scheduling, and data storing purposes. It contains arrangement of cells in the form of table of rows and columns. Each cell has a value and each value may have a

Free Trade Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Trade Agreements - Essay Example The per capita consumption in U.S tripled by introduction of free trade practice. Americans are depending on different countries in the world for different needs. Americans importing cameras and car from Japan, shirts from Bangladesh, videocassette recorders from South Korea, paper products from Canada, fresh flowers from Ecuador, Oil from Kuwait, steel from China and Computer Programmes from India. In 2001, U.S imports of goods and services totalled $1.6 trillion. Not only in importing goods, Americans are number one in world exporters. They sell computers, bulldozers, financial services, movies and thousands of other products to entire world. They are selling $1.3 trillion worth goods to different parts of the world. In the past three decades, the U.S imports and exports increased from 11 percent to 30 percent. And also financial investment is gown from less than 1percent to 3percent. One of major concern of the Americans was the large import from different countries may destroy the jobs and nation becoming dependent on others. But the trade is the great generator of economic well-being. It improves the competition, through the productivity and quality will improve. It will avail cheaper and better good for the consumers. By spurring economic activity and reducing cots, trade helps create jobs. By enhancing productivity and quality, the U.S companies makes vibrant in world market. Imports are the real fruits of trade because the end goal of economy activity is consumption. Americans view the free trade as an unfair trade. The cheap imports hurts the higher cost US suppliers, but consumers will gain from this. The U.S traders become more dependent on other countries. The domestic industries will fell down. It will destroy the jobs of factory workers, farmers and reduce the wages. On wrong heading into a trade, will sap the US economy and sour its relationship with other countries. The American live and work in a highly dependent Society. People buys good from thousands of sources, including different part of the world. U. S accepted specialisation and trade and as it rewards the standard of living is higher than any other country in the world. English economist David Ricardo explained the benefits of specialisation and trade. In his theory he explains, an average American worker produces 100bushels of soybeans or five pairs of shoes and a Chinese worker produces 8 bushels of soybean and 4 pair of shoes. U.S is more productive than China in both industries, but specialization and trade both the counties can gain more. By shifting American worker from shoe factory to soybean farm produces a gain of 100 bushels of soybeans at the cost of five pairs of shoes. Shifting two Chinese workers from farm to factory raises show out put by eight pairs but cuts soybean production by 16 bushels. The net effect is an increase of 84 bushel of soybean and three pairs of shoes. In this example both the countries should specialised on their own products and this will maximise the production. Both countries can divide the production between themselves and it will offer better than they were by their own. The specialization of trade arises out of the profit motive. Each country can expertise their own advantage and support to the countries for their needs as expertise on their product. By the country can offer better living standards to the people. If we consume only what we produce,

Issues in Womens Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in Womens Health - Assignment Example The most frequent of all the indications of heart attack in women is some pain or discomfort in the chest. Nevertheless, there are added symptoms that are more conspicuous than the chest pains. These other symptoms are more severe than the pressure or pain in the chest that women often cite. Studies have revealed that these chest pressures might be due to the presence of blockages in arteries and veins that supply blood to the heart in woman’s heart (Libov 1991). The other symptoms are right arm pain, unusual fatigue, shortness of breath as well as neck and upper back discomfort. The most challenging issue with this symptom in women is that they may occur when least expected like while sleeping or resting. These symptoms, on the other hand, might be triggered by mental stress. Since sometimes they occur randomly, women downplay them until there problem gets severe.  The most familiar risk reasons for women include diabetes and smoking, both which increase the chances of hear t disease significantly in women. Low levels of estrogen in the body after the onset of menopause have also been identified to pose a significant risk for the development of micro vascular disease in smaller blood vessels. Pregnancy is also among the risk factors as difficulties such as diabetes or high blood pressure might trigger the development of heart diseases in the mother and her children. Mental stress despite affecting both men and women, it has been found to affect the hearts of women more significantly than men.