Hydrogen Summary Essay Example for Free

Hydrogen Summary Essay * This is how hydrogen fuel cells work: 1. Gas stored in tanks 2. Atoms reach anode 3. Become hydrogen ion and a free electron 4. Ion goes through electrolyte layer 5. Hydrogen ion passes, but free electron does not 6. Free electron runs through external circuit from anode (-) to cathode (+) 7. Current of electrons creates electricity 8. Hydrogen ion enters cathode and combines with oxygen to become water which is better for the ecosystem because water vapor is not dangerous. * Why hydrogen as fuel? Efficient: not expensive to fill and it gives you more range. Emission Conscious: Hydrogen fuel cell cars release water vapor back in the atmosphere and don’t damage it by releasing C02 just like the other fuels. Fueling Up/Range: Since hydrogen is stored and highly compressed tanks it can hold more than any other fuel and has a bigger range. Global Economic Competitive Edge: Hydrogen is not as expensive as gasoline and it would cost you about  ½ of the money that you used to fill your car with gasoline to fill your car with hydrogen. * Better than other fuels: Hydrogen VS Ethanol: * Ethanol releases CO2 while hydrogen releases water vapor * Ethanol competes with the food producers(corn in the US, sugar cane in Brazil)and hydrogen doesn’t compete with anyone. * Ethanol is inefficient to produce while hydrogen is efficient. Hydrogen VS biodiesel: * Biodiesel solidifies in cold temperatures and it is harder to travel through the tubes(high viscosity) while hydrogen doesn’t solidify. * Biodiesel releases the most C02 out of all the fuels. Hydrogen releases water vapor * The range for biodiesel cars is 10% less than propanol cars . Hydrogen cars have 25% more range than biodiesel cars and 15% more than propanol cars. Hydrogen VS propanol: * Propanol has problems in high climates due to viscosity and the fuel solidifying while hydrogen cars don’t have problems with this. * Propanol releases C02 in the atmosphere, hydrogen releases water vapor. * The range for a propanol car is 15% less than a hydrogen car.

reading between the lines :: essays research papers

Reading Between the Lines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times people take books for granted. They’ll sometimes prefer to watch a show on television or a movie than to pick up a book and read it. Simply, all because it is easier and faster to get trough with a movie than with a television show. Then there are also those few that do read, but when reading one mustn’t just read text on books to get trough with it. They must be able to comprehend what it is that is said in the book, what point it is trying to get across. A couple of days ago I read and article written by Mortimer J. Adler. It was called â€Å"How to Mark a Book†. The article mentioned and talked about how people must learn to read a book. Not by simply just reading the text, but by understanding what is mentioned, consider the point of view of the author, and the degree of significance the author gives to the text. This is where reading between the lines comes in. A person must be able to acknowledge what he or she is reading. If the individual reads the text and does not understand its’ meaning, then the time has been wasted as Adler mentions in his article. One must learn ways of understanding a book and what it is trying to get across, because text carries emotion to a great extend and people just don’t seem to know. This is why reading is essential not only to one’s education but to one’s life as well. I completely agree with what Adler mentions in the article. If a person does not make notes of what he or she is reading, then he or she is only processing text trough their mind and not receiving the message that is the subject at hand. If one is able to understand the significance of the writing then not only can a person develop better writing and communication skills but also gain an experience. Understand that when reading a book the reader has to take time making notes and figuring out what certain material means in order to perceive well what is being mentioned. Therefore one must read books more than one time so that one can appreciate the book and put it to good use one way or the other in their lives.

What changes are needed to the present Ethiopian, Eritrean and international economic

The current policies in place designed to reduce the effects of famine in the African countries of Ethiopia and Eritrea are a long way from achieving their goals. Famine has been a regular occurrence for hundreds of years. Ethiopia and Eritrea depend on two rainy seasons a year to ample crop growth. Sweeping changes must be made at local, national and international level if the severe problem of famine is to be brought under control and eventually eradicated. 85% of the rural population relies on rain, as farming is the main source of income (Jonathon Steele in Addis Ababa reports on efforts to contain disaster). In Africa annual rainfall varies dramatically and this plays a vital role in the success or failure of crops each year. There are also regional differences in the level of rainfall throughout Africa which means that drought cannot be assessed as a nationwide issue but as a regional issue. Current policies to regulate management of land are largely ineffective. The over-cultivation and mismanagement of land is leading to shortfalls in food production. Food growth is increasing annually by 0.6%, in contrast population in Africa is growing at 2.9%. (www.ethioembassy.org.uk) Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy The ground surface of an area can be dramatically altered by processes such as overgrazing or over cultivation. This has a dramatic effect on the formation of clouds and subsequently levels of precipitation. (Draught and famine workbook) Steps need to be taken to change the way land is cultivated to prevent over intensive cultivation, before any steps can be taken towards eradication of famine, if the African people cannot become self sufficient then they stand little chance of escaping the cycle of drought leading to famine. Schemes and Policies designed to ease famine and drought The African government has introduced a range of schemes designed to reduce the risks posed by drought. Huge investment in agriculture has been made since 1991. This includes rural credit schemes and the creation of dams to catch rainfall. On an international level the World Bank has offered a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 million loan for rural road building. The World Bank and International Monetary fund have given their support for the reduction of subsidies on fertiliser prices; which has forced farmers to cut back on their use. (Jonathan Steele) Resulting in a fall in crop yields, leading to a fall in food supplies. A worrying trend is the increasing use of inorganic fertilisers by African farmers. They cause untold damage to the environment, releasing chemicals into the water, harming both people and vegetation. These inorganic fertilisers are purchased from the more affluent economies which mean's that African farmers must pay in cash for fertilisers which increase crop yields but which are ultimately destroying their own ecosystem in the process. This is indicative of the lack of sustainable food production policies in Ethiopia and Eritrea. (www.ethioembassy.org.uk) A nationwide scheme introduced by the African government gives farmers who own more than 0.5 hectares of land, improved seed varieties, fertilisers and pesticides, on loan. This has seen results in many areas which have led to higher incomes for some farmers. Schemes such as this yield benefits today but the future cost and effect on the environment in the long term is as yet unknown. (Information from Oxfam, leaflet no OX450 May 1997) Schemes to counteract the problems of soil erosion have been introduced. Oxfam in partnership with thousands of volunteers in community programmes are attempting to rebuild the land. Millions of trees have been planted to help curb soil erosion and to put back nutrients into the soil. (Information from Oxfam).Reforestation projects are of paramount importance in regenerating the land and preventing soil erosion and leaching of vital nutrients. Types of farming Many of the crops grown by African farmers are cash crops. These crops are often unsuitable for the environment in which they are grown and leach vital nutrients from the soil. As agriculture is the main source of income for 85% of the population cash crops are vital to the survival of many African farmers. Nomadic pastoralism is the most efficient form of land use in arid and semi arid lands where crop production is very risky due to high annual variances in climate. (Kilby 1993, Scoones 1995) â€Å"Development policies introduced over the Last fifty years have undermined the traditional management of pastoralists†. (Kilby 1993) Kilby states that they have focused on the extension of crop production into marginal areas, on sedentary ranching, and on an expansion of national parks. Such policies deny pastoralists resources and the ability to roam freely which they require to feed their herds, especially during periods of drought. Many of the policies introduced with the intent of reducing the impact of draught on the peoples of Africa actually hinder them. Conclusion Policy changes within agriculture are urgently needed. Technological change which will stabilise production at higher levels is also needed. Money needs to be invested in researching drought resistant crops, and a higher level of irrigation is also required if droughts are going to cease to be a catalyst for famine. Agricultural productivity needs to be dramatically increased in order for individuals to become self-sufficient. It is only through better management of agriculture that famine can be eradicated in the long term rather than simply on a short term basis. Policies need to be changed and action taken, short term, and more importantly long term, so as to reduce the severity and frequency of the occurrence of famines in Africa. The issue of famine and drought is highly complex and is very difficult to resolve. â€Å"Famine is a direct result of drought; however it is the vulnerability of people when faced with reduced food availability that turns the situation into a disaster†. (Information from Oxfam) Long term policies need to focus on food security, ensuring that food supplies are large enough to sustain the population and that excess food supplies are managed to ensure the populations survival during drought years. In the past excess food supplies have been sold to foreign countries for profit rather than being kept to feed the African population during times of famine. Government policies need in the short term to focus on making people self sufficient before they can tackle issues of producing surplus crops to sell. Existing policies have made little difference to the situation. Much still needs to be done for the long term prevention of famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Compare Essay Vietnam an Australia Essay

In recent years, there are many Vietnamese students who want to study in other countries as Australia, Singapore, or USA. Because they think that the education system in these countries is better than the system in Vietnam. They will have plenty opportunities after graduating in international college or university. Nevertheless, others have the opinion that the quality of education in both countries is similar. Australian and Vietnamese education systems are very similar in school ages. We can easy to see that both of their education system have kindergarten level and twelve grades which for children from the ages of 3 to 18. After finishing general education, most of students in Australia move on their studying at TAFE or colleges or universities, and so do Vietnamese students. Moreover, both of them have public schools which boys and girls can join equally in class. In spite of the similarities, these two educations have several differences in system division, timetable and the way students can apply to university. The first difference between two education systems is the system division. In Vietnam, public kindergartens frequently admit children from the age of 18 months to 5 years old. They usually study in primary school at 6 years old for 5 years (grades 1 – 5), secondary school at 12 years old for 4 years (grades 6 – 9) and high school for 3 years (grades 10 -12). In contrast, there are preschool and preparatory (also called kindergarten), which started when you are five. Then, primary school goes from grade 1 to 6 and secondary school from grade 7 to 12. Furthermore, they still are difference in timetable. Australian students have to go to school Monday to Friday, from 8:45 am to 3 pm, with breaks for lunch and snacks. Also they have extra activities after school hours such as piano classes, dance classes, etc. Even though, students in Vietnam just have 5 minutes break between two lessons (45 minutes for a lesson), every day from Monday to Friday. The Vietnamese classes usually started at 6:45 am and finished at 11:45 am for morning session or 12:45 pm to 5:15 pm for afternoon session. Another striking difference between education system in Australia and the system in Vietnam is the way students can apply to university. All of grade 12 students in Vietnam who must to pass the High school Graduation Examination to graduate and take the University Examination to study in university. On the other hand, you need to show: Evidence of English knowledge, Evidence of  study as High school Certificate if you want to apply to any universities in Australia. All things considered, while the two education systems offer similar the ages to go to school, they differ widely in the system division, timetable and the way students can apply to university. Study in Australia is the best choice for students who not only want to be more active, more confident but also improve themselves-study and English skill, enlarge their knowledge and create a great working chance.

Domestic Violence and Early Adulthood Essays

Domestic Violence and Early Adulthood Essays Domestic Violence and Early Adulthood Essay Domestic Violence and Early Adulthood Essay Domestic violence leads to robbing a particular victim the fundamental right to live in harmony or to have a control on their lives. This is because one does not feel safe in their environment and also at home. The victims also feel hard to offer protection to themselves and their children. Domestic violence is said to be the cause of child abuse. According to Barnett, O. W. 350, 50% to 70% of people involved in violence are likely to also abuse their children. Also according to the same reports, children who come from home that have abusive parents are 1500 likely to be frequently abused. According to research, juvenile delinquency is closely related to physical injury as a result of domestic violence. Children who come from violent homes are said to be at six times higher chances of suicide attempts and 50% chances of engaging in drug abuse. The violence has caused the children and their parent to turn to alcoholics. According to Wisner, C. , et al 1999, the most tragic effect of domestic violence is death and it is estimated that men between 11 and 22 years old who are jailed have committed homicide in that they have killed those who have battered their mothers. There are signs of abuse that one should look out for. One is injuries; they have all sorts of injuries on their bodies, from scratches to broken bones and bruises. The affected also have stress and this leads to depression over time. The victims are also said to loose their jobs as they spend most of their time absent from work in order to attend to hospital. They also spend more time in courts and they also move from one place to another to avoid cases of violence. In conclusion all the domestic violence cases should be reported to the authorities to avoid more harm than good. There are centers that have been formed and this act to provide counseling to the affected people. This helps those parents and children, who are victims to adjust to the situation and also for the prevention of long term effects. Barnett, O. W. Why battered women do not leave, part 1: External inhibiting factors within society. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 1, (2000). 343-372. Harway, M. Hansen, M. Spouse Abuse: Assessing and Treating Battered Women, Batterers, and Their Children. Sarasota, Florida: Professional Resource Press. (1994). Perrone, J. Red Flags Offer Clues in Spotting Domestic Abuse. Violence, A Compendium from JAMA. Chicago: The American Medical Association. (1992). Straus, M. A. Injury and Frequency of Assault and the Representative Sample Fallacy in Measuring Wife Beating and Child Abuse. In M. A. Straus R. J. Gelles (Eds. ), Physical violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence in 8,145 F amilies New Brunswick, NJ; Transaction. (1990). pp. 75-91 Vitanza, S. , Vogel, L. C. , Marshall, L. LDistress and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Abused Women. Violence and Victims, 10, (1995). 23-34. Wisner, C. , Gilmer, T. , Saltzman, L. , Zink, T. Intimate Partner Violence Against Women Do Victims Cost Health Plans More? Journal of Family Practice, June. (1999).

buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay

buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay Health care is a wide institution, which provides curative, preventive rehabilitative and promotional health care services to individuals and societies. Great strides have been made in the past to improve the health care professions image on the society. Modern and effective technical capabilities which ensure more precise diagnosis are adopted to enhance social trust. Health care issues are concerned with threats to health. The health care professional encompasses knowledge on the physicians mental, physical and mental well being. The professional is also expected to have multidisciplinary knowledge on community health, environmental health, occupational health and health services. Interdisciplinary approaches in biostatistics and epidemiology is also vital. The public health professional should be able to accommodate different types of people and help them in the best way possible. They should advice people accordingly to enable them achieve holistic health. They should be able to address issues of abortion, race, gay relationships and embarrassing illnesses with decorum and professionalism. Most professionals have established guidelines for good practice. Contravening on these guidelines may constitute neglect or abuse. As a result, health care professionals have established principles of good conduct. Some tenets of god practice have been made into law while others are set by the professional associations. Social and Health care professions have the concept of care and duty towards their users. The quality and well being of service delivered should therefore be highly prioritized as all treatment is anticipated to have therapeutic or life saving benefits to the patient. The patients should be allowed access to vital information relating to their health and well being. The health professional should communicate and network with colleagues in an attempt to enrich the medical field. They should address upcoming issues, challenges and interests. Health care services are regulated by the government by a national regulatory agency. It also licenses care givers who might wish to practice private health care. The agency acts as a disciplinary arm. Buy custom Demonstrate Awareness of Societal Issues Appropriate for an Individual essay

Languages of Spain Other Than Spanish

Languages of Spain Other Than Spanish If you think that Spanish or Castilian is the language of Spain, youre only partly right. True, Spanish is the national language and the only language you can use if you want to be understood almost everywhere. But Spain also has three other officially recognized languages, and language use continues to be a hot political issue in parts of the country. In fact, about a fourth of the countrys residents use a tongue other than Spanish as their first language. Here is a brief look at them: Euskara (Basque) Euskara is easily the most unusual language of Spain - and an unusual language for Europe as well, since it doesnt fit in the Indo-European family of languages that includes Spanish as well as French, English and the other Romance and Germanic languages. Euskara is the language spoken by the Basque people, an ethnic group in Spain and France that has its own identity as well as separatist sentiments on both sides of the Franco-Spanish border. (Euskara has no legal recognition in France, where far fewer people speak it.) About 600,000 speak Euskara, sometimes known as Basque, as a first language. What makes Euskara linguistically interesting is that it has not been shown conclusively to be related to any other language. Some of its characteristics include three classes of quantity (single, plural and indefinite), numerous declinations, positional nouns, regular spelling, a relative lack of irregular verbs, no gender, and pluri-personal verbs (verbs that vary according to the sex of the person being spoken to). The fact that Euskara is an ergative language (a linguistic term involving cases of nouns and their relations to verbs) has caused some linguists to think that Euskara may have come from the Caucasus region, although the relationship with languages of that area hasnt been demonstrated. In any case, it is likely that Euskara, or least the language it developed from, has been in the area for thousands of years, and at one time it was spoken in a much larger region. The most common English word that comes from Euskara is silhouette, the French spelling of a Basque surname. The rare English word bilbo, a type of sword, is the Euskara word for Bilbao, a city on the western edge of Basque Country. And chaparral came to English by way of Spanish, which modified the Euskara word txapar, a thicket. The most common Spanish word that came from Euskara is izquierda, left. Euskara uses the Roman alphabet, including most letters that other European languages use, and the à ±. Most of the letters are pronounced roughly like they would be in Spanish. Catalan Catalan is spoken not only in Spain, but also in parts of Andorra (where it is the national language), France, and Sardinia in Italy. Barcelona is the largest city where Catalan is spoken. In written form, Catalan looks something like a cross between Spanish and French, although it is a major language in its own right and  may be more similar to Italian than it is to Spanish. Its alphabet is similar to that of English, although it also includes a Ç. Vowels can take both grave and acute accents (as in and , respectively). Conjugation is similar to Spanishs. About 4 million people use Catalan as a first language, with about that many also speaking it as a second language. The role of the the Catalan language has been a key issue in the Catalonian independence movement. In a series of plebiscites, Catalonians have generally supported independence from Spain, although in many cases opponents of independence boycotted the elections and the Spanish government has contested the legality of the votes. Galician Galician has strong similarities to Portuguese, especially in vocabulary and syntax. It developed along with Portuguese until the 14th century, when a split developed, largely for political reasons. For the native Galician speaker, Portuguese is about 85 percent intelligible. About 4 million people speak Galician, 3 million of them in Spain, the rest in Portugal with a few communities in Latin America. Miscellaneous Languages Scattered throughout Spain are a variety of smaller ethnic groups with their own languages, most of them Latin derivatives. Among them are Aragonese, Asturian, Calà ³, Valencian (usually considered a dialect of Catalan), Extremaduran, Gascon, and Occitan. Sample Vocabularies Euskara: kaixo (hello), eskerrik asko (thank you), bai (yes), ez (no), etxe (house), esnea (milk), bat (one), jatetxea (restaurant). Catalan: sà ­ (yes), si us plau (please), quà ¨ tal? (how are you?), cantar (to sing), cotxe (car), lhome (the man), llengua or llengo (language), mitjanit (midnight). Galician: polo (chicken), dà ­a (day), ovo (egg), amar (love), si (yes), nom (no), ola (hello), amigo/amiga (friend), cuarto de baà ±o or baà ±o (bathroom), comida (food).